Section Archive From the Archives
Pavel Minařík and the Cold War on the airwaves
If there was one sound guaranteed to infuriate Czechoslovakia’s communist
leaders during the 1970s and 80s it was the call-sign of the US-funded
Radio Free Europe, broadcasting from Munich to the countries of the Eastern
Bloc. After the Soviet-led invasion of 1968, many Czech and Slovak
émigrés of a wide variety of political hues ended up working for the
station’s Czechoslovak Section. Back home they found a receptive audience
and Czechoslovakia’s communist leaders became little short of obsessed
with discrediting Radio Free Europe’s broadcasts. Here is a short extract
from a Czechoslovak Radio programme from 1976, which opened by playing that
despised call-sign:
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“Hooligans and swindlers”: the communist regime and the Plastic People
In the 1970s the communist authorities tolerated popular music as long as
it was insipid, colourless and unoriginal – everything that the Czech
psychedelic rock band The Plastic People of the Universe most definitely
was not. Their music was inspired by Frank Zappa and The Velvet
Underground, their lyrics anarchic, their behaviour unconventional and
their hair long. In 1976 four members of the band were sentenced to prison
terms for what was described as “organised disturbance of the peace”,
and in December of the same year Czechoslovak Radio broadcast a documentary
that painted the band in the darkest possible colours and included extracts
from their music, recorded secretly at their concerts.
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Kitsch wins through: pop music in Czechoslovakia after 1968
The 1960s had seen a thriving musical scene in Czechoslovakia, which had
been broadly tolerated by the regime, especially during the 1968 Prague
Spring. With the political clampdown of the early 70s, rock and pop music
were also to suffer. But this was a gradual process, and, initially at
least, the communist authorities were careful not to go too far to
alienate
young people. More
1969: Radio Prague goes back to the bad old days
In the course of 1969 and 1970 Czechoslovak Radio was transformed back into
what it had been in the 1950s, a tool of hard line propaganda. In the
process, over 700 radio staff were forced to leave their jobs. Those who
stayed found their freedom of expression severely curtailed. To give an
idea of the extent to which things had changed by August 1969 - the first
anniversary of the Soviet led invasion – I will start with a short
extract from Radio Prague’s broadcasts back in 1968, as the tanks rolled
into the city. At the time the radio was playing a crucial role in keeping
the world informed of what was really happening – including reports of
violent incidents as the invading troops opened fire on civilians: More
After Palach: fears and hopes
In last week’s From the Archives we followed the tragic last days of the
student Jan Palach, who on January 16 1969 set himself alight in protest
against growing apathy in the face of the Soviet invasion five months
earlier. The whole country was in shock. Such a drastic and violent
sacrifice had little precedent in modern Czech and Slovak history, and
perhaps for just that reason Palach immediately became a symbol of the
country’s lost liberty and a rallying cry for those who still hoped to
save something of the reforms of 1968. Those in power had to be cautious;
they were well aware that Palach’s legacy could be explosive.
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The last days of Jan Palach
On the evening of January 16 1969, Czechoslovak Radio broadcast a
disturbing item of news: “Today at around 3 pm, 21-year-old J.P., a
student at the Philosophical Faculty suffered serious burns on Wenceslas
Square. He poured an as yet unknown flammable liquid over himself and set
his clothes alight resulting in severe burns.”
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The abnormality of normalization
On the airwaves, 1968 ended very much as it had begun. For New Year’s
Eve, Czechoslovak Radio chose the same format as the year before, with the
light-hearted musical cabaret of the Semafor Theatre. But behind the
scenes, the Soviet-led occupation in August had changed everything. The
Soviets were only too pleased for the radio to give the impression of
normality. A gradual, almost imperceptible drift back to hard-line
communism was beginning. The process came to be known cynically as
“normalization”, a word that was first used by Alexander Dubček
himself on August 27 1968. He had just returned from his forced five-day
stay in Moscow, where he had been bullied into accepting the presence of
foreign troops.
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Playing cat-and-mouse with the Soviets to keep on air
In the days immediately after the Soviet invasion in August 1968, staff at
Czechoslovak Radio played a cat-and-mouse game with the occupying forces.
For the first couple of days, they managed to continue broadcasting
directly from the radio headquarters, despite the presence of tanks
outside.
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Shock and disillusionment: students respond to the 1968 Soviet invasion
For the younger generation that had grown up after the end of World War II,
the Soviet-led invasion of August 1968 was traumatic. The Prague Spring had
brought an atmosphere of optimism and genuine enthusiasm for change, and
all these hopes were crushed overnight. In this week’s From the Archives,
we’ll hear what students had to say at the time, as recorded by
Czechoslovak and foreign radio stations as the occupation unfolded.
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Words, words, words… The United Nations and the 1968 invasion
In this week’s From the Archives we continue our look at how radio
covered the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Today we
follow the part played by the United Nations. Within just a few hours of
the tanks crossing the border, the UN Security Council met for a special
meeting to discuss what to do about the invasion. Czechoslovakia’s
Ambassador to the UN, Jan Mužík was unequivocal:
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